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		<h1>Các kiểu dữ liệu đơn giản trong Pascal</h1>
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			1. KHÁI NIỆM CHUNG<br />Dữ liệu (DATA) là tất cả những gì mà máy tính xử lí.<br />Theo Niklaus Wirth: CHƯƠNG TRÌNH = THUẬT TOÁN + CẤU TRÚC DỮ LIỆU<br />Một kiểu dữ liệu (Data type) là một sự qui định về hình dạng, cấu trúc và giá trị của dữ liệu cũng như cách biểu diễn và cách xử lí dữ liệu.
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			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Trong Pascal các kiểu dữ liệu nhìn chung được chia thành hai loại chính :</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Kiểu đơn giản (Simple type)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Kiểu có cấu trúc (Structure type)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Trong phần này chúng ta chỉ xét các kiểu dữ liệu đơn giản.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Kiểu dữ liệu đơn giản của Pascal bao gồm :</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Kiểu số nguyên (Integer)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Kiểu số thực (Real)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">-. Kiểu logic (Boolean)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Kiểu kí tự (Char).</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>2. KIỂU SỐ NGUYÊN (INTEGER)</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">a) Kiểu số nguyên thuộc Z được định nghĩa vôi các từ khóa sau :</span></span></span>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><strong><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TỪ KHÓA</span></span></span></strong></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><strong><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">PHẠM VI</span></span></span></strong></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">INTEGER</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">-32768 đến 32767</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">BYTE</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">0 đến 25</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">WORD</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">0 đến 65535</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">SHORTINT</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">-128 đến 127</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">LONGINT</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">-2147483648 đến 2147483647</span></span></span></td>
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<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>b) Các phép toán số học đối với số nguyên :</b></span></span></span>

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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><strong><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ý NGHĨA</span></span></span></strong></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Chia lấy phần nguyên</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">MOD</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Chia lấy phần dư</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">+</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Cộng</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">-</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Trừ</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">*</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Nhân</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Chia cho kết quả là số thực</span></span></span></td>
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<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>3. KIỂU SỐ THỰC (REAL)</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>a) Kiểu số thực thuộc tập R được định nghĩa với từ khóa REAL :</b></span></span></span>

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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Phạm vi</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">REAL</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">2.9xl0’39 đến 1.7x1038</span></span></span></td>
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<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>• CÁCH 1 :</b> Viết theo kiểu thập phân bình thường.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Ví dụ : 3.14</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -0.004</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i><u>Lưu ý:</u></i></b> Dùng dấu chấm thay cho dấu phẩy trong cách viết của Việt Nam.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>• CÁCH 2:</b> Viết theo kiểu thập phân có phần mũ và phần định trị.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">» Ví dụ : 3.93 E+2 (= 393)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">3 93 E -3 (=0,00393)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><img alt="" height="40" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_07/image-20200724214438-1.png" width="35" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><img alt="" height="40" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_07/image-20200724214438-2.png" width="53" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;(=0,00393)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Phần định trị &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Phần mũ</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>b) Các hàm số học dùng cho số nguyên và số thực :</b></span></span></span>

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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><strong><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Kí hiệu</span></span></span></strong></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><strong><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ý nghĩa</span></span></span></strong></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">ABS(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">|x|: lấy giá trị tuyệt đối của x</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">SQR(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">x<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;: lấy bình phương của x</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">SQRT(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><img alt="" height="26" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_07/image-20200724214438-3.png" width="23" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">: lấy căn bậc 2 của x</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">SIN(x), COS(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">sin(x), cos(x)</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">ARCTAN(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">arctang(x)</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">LN(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">log<sub>e</sub>x (e ≈ 2,71828)</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">EXP(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">e<sup>x</sup></span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">SUCC(n)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">n + 1</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">PRED(n)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">n - 1</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">ODD(n)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE nếu n lẻ, FALSE nếu n chẵn</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUNC(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Lấy phần nguyên của x</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">ROUND(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Làm tròn x</span></span></span></td>
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<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Chú thích :</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- TRUNC(x) : Số nguyên lớn nhất không vượt quá x</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- ROUND(x) : Số nguyên gần x nhất.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>4. Kiểu LOGIC (BOOLEAN)</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>a) Định nghĩa :</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Một dữ liệu thuộc kiểu BOOLEAN là một đại lượng chỉ có thể nhận một trong hai giá trị logic TRUE hoặc FALSE.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• Ví dụ : Giả sử có khai báo.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Làm được_được : Boolean.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Thì ta có thể làm các phép gán</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Làm được := False ; {Sai}</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Hoặc</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Làm_được := True ; {Đúng}</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>b) Các phép toán trên kiểu Boolean :</b></span></span></span>

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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:91px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>A</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:91px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>B</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:118px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>A AND B</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:47px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>A</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>B</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:130px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>A OR B</b></span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:91px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:91px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:118px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:130px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
&nbsp;

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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>A</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>NOT A</b></span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:64px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">FALSE</span></span></span><br />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">TRUE</span></span></span></td>
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<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>c) Các phép toán quan hệ cho kết quả kiểu Boolean :</b></span></span></span>

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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Kí hiệu</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Ý nghĩa</b></span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&lt; &gt;</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Khác nhau</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">=</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Bằng nhau</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&gt;=</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Lớn hơn hoặc bằng</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&lt;=</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Nhỏ hơn hoặc bằng</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&gt;</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Lớn hơn</span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&lt;</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Nhỏ hơn</span></span></span></td>
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<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>5. KIỂU KÍ TỰ (CHAR)</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">a) Định nghĩa :</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Các dữ liệu có dạng chữ viết (kí tự) được khai báo bởi từ khóa CHAR.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Ví dụ : Giả sử có khai báo</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; X : Char ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Thì ta có thể làm các phép gán sau :</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; X := &#039;A&#039; ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">hoặc :</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; X := &#039;?’ ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">b) Để tiện trao đổi thông tin cần phải sắp xếp, đánh số thứ tự các kí tự. Mỗi cách sắp xếp như vậy gọi là một bảng mã. Thông dụng nhất là bảng mã ASCII (American Standar Code For Information Interchange).</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Ví dụ :</span></span></span>

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		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:159px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Số thứ tự</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Kí tự</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Số thứ tự</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Kí tự</b></span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:159px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">7</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">BEL</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">65</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">A</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:159px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">32</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">SPACE</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">66</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">B</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:159px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">43</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">+</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">90</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">z</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:159px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">48</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">0</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">97</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">a</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:159px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">49</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">1</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">98</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">b</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:159px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">61</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">=</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">122</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:160px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">z</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">c) Các hàm chuẩn liên quan đến kiểu kí tự:</span></span></span>

<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;width:100%;">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Kí hiệu</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Ý nghĩa</b></span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">ORD(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Cho số thứ tự của kí tự x trong bảng mã</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">CHR(n) hay #n</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Cho kí tự có số thứ tự là n</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">PRED(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Cho kí tự đứng trước x</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">SUCC(x)</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:319px; padding:0cm 7px 0cm 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Cho kí tự đứng sau x</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
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