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			- Một đối tượng gọi là đệ qui nếu có bao gồm chính nó như một bộ phận hoặc nó được định nghĩa dưới dạng chính nó.
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			<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>1. KHÁI NIỆM</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Một đối tượng gọi là đệ qui nếu có bao gồm chính nó như một bộ phận hoặc nó được định nghĩa dưới dạng chính nó.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i><u>■ Ví dụ:</u></i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>a) Số tự nhiên:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• 1 là một số tự nhiên.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• X là số tự nhiên nếu x - 1 là số tự nhiên.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>b) Hàm n giai thừa: n !</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• 0 ! = 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• Nếu n &gt; 0 thì n ! = n(n - 1) !</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>2. THỦ TỤC ĐỆ QUI</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Một thủ tục được gọi là đệ qui nếu trong quá trình thực hiện nó có phần phải gọi đến chính nó nhưng với kích thước nhỏ hơn của tham số.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">■ Ví dụ: Function GT (n: word) : longint;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if n := 0 then GT := else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GT := n*GT(n - 1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>3. CẤU TRÚC CỦA MỘT THỦ TỤC ĐỆ QUI</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Một thủ tục đệ qui luôn gồm hai phần:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Phần neo: Trong đó chứa các tác động của hàm hoặc thủ tục với một sô giá trị cụ thể ban đầu của tham số.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i><u>■ Ví dụ:</u></i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">if n := 0 then GT := 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Phần hạ bậc: Trong đó tác động cần được thực hiện cho giá trị hiện thời của các tham số được định nghĩa bằng các tác động đã được định nghĩa trước đây.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i><u>■ Ví dụ:</u></i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">GT := n*GT(n - 1)</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>4. ƯU ĐIỂM CỦA ĐỆ QUI</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>1.</b> Đệ qui mạnh ở chỗ có thể định nghĩa một tập rất lớn các tác động chỉ bởi một số hữu hạn các mệnh đề.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>2.</b> Rất thích hợp để giải các bài toán có bản chất đệ qui.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>3.</b> Một chương trình viết theo giải thuật có tính đệ qui sẽ mang tính “Người” hơn, do đó sẽ:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Sáng sủa.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Dễ hiểu.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Nêu bật được bản chất của vấn đề.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>4.</b> Có nhiều bài toán mà việc nghĩ ra lời giải đệ qui thường dễ hơn nhiều so với việc nghĩ ra lời giải dùng vòng lặp.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>5.</b> Khử đệ qui:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Có một số giải thuật đệ qui thuộc loại tính toán đơn giản có thể được thay thế bởi một giải thuật khác không tự gọi chúng, sự thay thế đó được gọi là khử đệ qui.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Tuy nhiên điều trên không có nghĩa là phải khử đệ qui bằng mọi giá và không nên e ngại cũng như có ác cảm với việc dùng đệ qui.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i><u>■ Ví dụ 1:</u></i> Thủ tục đệ qui sau:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Function GT (n: word) : longint;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if n := 0 then GT := 1 else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GT := n * GT (n - 1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Có thể được khử đệ qui như sau:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Function GT (n: word): longint;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i: word ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T: longint ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T := 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if n &gt; 0 then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i := 1 to n do T: = t * i;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GT:= T;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i><u>Ví dụ 2:</u></i> Thủ tục đệ qui</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Function Fib (n: integer): integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if n := 0 then Fib := 0 else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if n:= 1 then Fib := 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; else Fib := Fib(n - 1) + Fib(n - 2);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Có thể được khử đệ qui như sau:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Function Fib (n: integer): integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i, x, y: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if n := 0 then Fib := 0 else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if n := 1 then Fib := else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i := 1; y := 0; x := 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; while i &lt; 0 do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i := i + 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x := x + y</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; y := x - y</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fib := x;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>5. ĐỆ QUI VÀ QUAY LUI</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Trong lập trình, phương pháp giải một bài toán tổng quát rất được chú ý. Đó là việc xác định các giải thuật để tìm lời giải cho một số bài toán nào đó không phải theo một luật tính toán cố định mà bằng phương pháp “thử và sai” (Try anf Error).</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Thông thường là ta phân tích quá trình thử và sai thành các công việc cục bộ dưới dạng một cây tìm kiếm và ta phải từng bước duyệt cây tìm kiếm đó một cách đệ qui theo cấp của cây.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Trong nhiều bài toán, cây tìm kiếm này lớn lên rất nhanh theo hướng hàm mũ và công sức tìm kiếm cũng tăng theo với sự lớn lên của cây.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Trong thực tế ta phải tỉa cây tìm kiếm bằng các cách Heuristic và như vậy ta đã làm giảm công sức tính toán tới một giới hạn có thể chấp nhận được.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Nét đặc trưng của phương pháp này là ở chỗ các bước đi đến lời giải hoàn toàn bằng cách làm thử. Nếu có một lựa chọn được chấp nhận thì ghi nhớ các thông tin cần thiết và tiến hành các bước thử tiếp theo. Nếu trái lại không có một lựa chọn nào thích hợp cả thì làm lại bước trước, xóa bớt các ghi nhớ và quay về chu trình thử với các lựa chọn còn lại. Hành động này được gọi là quay lui (Back tracking) và các giải thuật thế hiện phương pháp này gọi là các giải thuật quay lui.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Hơn nữa nếu ở mỗi bước số những nước có thể đi là m thì ta có thể dùng một tham số để chỉ độ sâu của sự đệ qui và như thê làm đơn giản đi điều kiện dùng theo sơ đồ sau:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Try (i: integer);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var j: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">if i &gt; m then XUẤT else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">For j:= 1 to n do if</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Nhận được then:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ghi nhận nó.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Try (i + 1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Xóa bỏ việc ghi nhận; (quay lui}</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">End;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Thủ tục trên sẽ được khởi động bởi lệnh:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Try (1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i><u>■ Ví dụ 1:</u></i></b> (Bài toán 8 quân hậu)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Một bàn cờ quốc tế là một bảng hình vuông gồm có 8 hàng, 8 cột. Quân hậu là một quân cờ có thể ăn được bất kì quân nào nằm trên cùng một hàng, cùng một cột hay cùng một dường chéo. Bài toán đặt ra là: Hãy xếp 8 quân hậu trên bàn cờ sao cho không có quân hậu nào có thể ăn quân hậu nào. Điều đó cũng có nghĩa là trên mỗi hàng, mỗi cột, mỗi dường chéo chỉ có thể có một quân hậu.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i><u>Bài giải:</u></i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Program EIGHT_QƯEEN;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var a: array &#91;1..8&#93; of integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b: array &#91;2.. 16&#93; of integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c: array &#91;-7..7&#93; of integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x: array &#91;1..8&#93; of integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">procedure print;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">var j: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j:= 1 to 8 do write (x&#91;k&#93; : 4);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Writein;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Readln;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">procedure Try (i: integer);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">var j: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">if i &gt; 8 then prim else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">For j := 1 to 8 do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if (a&#91;j&#93; = 0) and (b&#91;i + j&#93; = 0) and (c&#91;i – j&#93; = 0) then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x&#91;i&#93; := j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;j&#93; := 1; b&#91;i + j&#93;:= 1; c&#91;i - j&#93;:= 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Try (+1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;j&#93;:= 0; b&#91;i + j&#93;:= 0; c&#91;i - j&#93;:= 0</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">procedure Init;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">var j: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fillchar (a, sizeof(a), 0);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fillchar (b, sizeof(b), 0);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fillchar (c, sizeof(c), 0);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Init</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Try (1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i><u>■ Ví dụ 2:</u></i> (Bài toán Mã đi tuần)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Chu một bàn cờ kích thước n x n. Một con mã di chuyển theo luật cờ vua được đặt trong một ô với tọa độ đầu là (X<sub>o</sub>, Y<sub>o</sub>). Hãy lập trình tim một đường đi với n<sup>2</sup> - 1 bước đi sao cho mọi ô trên bàn cờ đều được mã nhảy đến đúng một lần.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i><u>Bài giải:</u></i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Program Knighttour;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Const</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a: array &#91;1..8&#93; of integer = (2, 1, -1, -2, -2, -1, 1, 2);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b: array &#91;1..8&#93; of integer = (1, 2, 2, 1, -1, -2,-2, -1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; n = 5; nsq = 25;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Type</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; index = 1..n;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; q: Boolean;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dd: Array &#91;index, index&#93; of integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; S: Set of index;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x, y: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Init;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fillchar (dd, size of (dd), 0);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Writein (&#039;Xin cho biết tọa độ ban đầu của ngựa&#039;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Readln (x, y);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dd&#91;x, y&#93; := 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; q := False;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; S := &#91;1, 2, 3, 4, 5&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">procedure print;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var i, j: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; q := True;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j:= 1 to n do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j := 1 to n do write (dd&#91;i, j&#93; : 5);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; writeln;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">procedure Try (i)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j, u, v: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; If i &gt; nsq then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; print</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Else For j := 1 to 8 do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; u := x + a&#91;j&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; v := y + b&#91;j&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if (u in s) and (v in s) and (dd&#91;u, v&#93; = 0)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dd&#91;u, v&#93; := i;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x := u; y := v;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Try(i + 1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x := u - a&#91;j&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; y := v – b&#91;j&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dd&#91;u, v&#93; := 0</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Init;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Try (2);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if q = False then writeln (&#039;NO SOLUTION&#039;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span></div>
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