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			Sắp xếp là một quá trình tổ chức lại một dãy các dữ liệu theo một trật tự nhất định
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			<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>1. KHÁI NIỆM</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">a) Sắp xếp là một quá trình tồ chức lại một dãy các dữ liệu theo một trật tự nhất định.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">b) Mục đích của việc sắp xếp là nhằm giúp cho việc tìm kiếm dữ liệu được dễ dàng và nhanh chóng.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Sắp xếp là một việc làm hết sức cơ bản và được dùng rộng rãi trong các kĩ thuật lập trình nhằm xử lí một dãy các dữ liệu.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">c) Các giải thuật sắp xếp được phân chia thành hai nhóm chính là:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Sắp xếp trong (hay sắp xếp mảng).</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Toàn bộ dữ liệu cần sắp xếp phải được đưa vào bộ nhớ chính của máy tính, do đó nó thường được sử dụng khi khối lượng dữ liệu không vượt quá dung lượng bộ nhớ chính.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Nhóm sắp xếp trong bao gồm các phương pháp:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• Phương pháp đếm.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• Phương pháp chèn.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• Phương pháp chọn.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• Phương pháp đổi chỗ.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• Phương pháp trộn.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Sắp xếp ngoài (hay sắp xếp tập tin).</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Áp dụng trong trường hợp ta phải sắp xếp các tập tin chứa nhiều mẫu tin và mỗi mẫu tin có chiều dài tương đôi lớn, do đó ta không thể nạp toàn bộ tập tin này vào bộ nhớ chính để sắp thứ tự. Vì vậy ta phải có những phương pháp thích hợp cho việc sắp thứ tự tập tin.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>2. SẮP XẾP TRONG</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>a) Khái niệm</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Cấu trúc dữ liệu thích hợp cho các phần tử cần sắp thứ tự là record. Mỗi phần tử có hai vùng đặc trưng là: vùng key để chứa khóa của phần tử và được sử dụng trong các giải thuật tìm kiếm, vùng info dùng đề chứa dữ liệu của phần tử.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ta khai báo:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Type</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; item = record</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; key: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; info: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end; 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a: array&#91;1..n&#93; of intern;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Khóa của phần tử có thể là chữ hoặc số.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Yêu cầu của giải thuật là dùng ít vùng nhớ và thời gian thực hiện nhanh.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>b) Phương pháp đếm (Counting sort)</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Giải thích:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Nội dung của phương pháp này là đếm phần tử có khóa nhỏ hơn hay bằng khóa của phần tử a&#91;i&#93;. Nếu có j phần tử có khóa nhỏ hơn khóa của phần tử a&#91;i&#93; thì phần tử a&#91;i&#93; sẽ có vị trí thứ (j + 1) trong dãy đã có thứ tự.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Trong giải thuật, ta dùng mảng count(i) (i = 1, 2, ..., n) với count&#91;i&#93; cho biết số phần tử có khóa nhỏ hơn khóa của phần tử a&#91;i&#93;. Như vậy count&#91;i + 1&#93; là vị trí của phần tử a&#91;i&#93; trong dãy đã có thứ tự.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Ví dụ:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Sắp xếp dãy 3 1 5 2 7 6 9 4</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a: 3 1 5 2 7 6 9 4</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Count: 2 0 4 1 6 5 7 3</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Như vậy phần tử có khóa 9 ở vị trí thứ 8 vì Count&#91;9&#93; = 7</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Thể hiện bằng PASCAL:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Counting_Sort;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Count: array&#91;1..n&#93; of integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; s: array&#91;1..n&#93; of item;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i, j: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= 1 to n do count&#91;i&#93;:= 0</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= n down to 2 do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j:= i - 1 down to 1 do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if a&#91;i&#93;. Key &lt; a&#91;j&#93;. Key then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Count&#91;j&#93;:= Count&#91;i&#93; + 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; else count&#91;i&#93;:= count&#91;i&#93; + 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= 1 to n do s&#91;count&#91;i&#93; + 1&#93; := a&#91;i&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= 1 to n do a&#91;i&#93;:= s&#91;i&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">End;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>c) Phương pháp chèn (Insertion Sort)</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">* Giải thích:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Nội dung của phương pháp này là giả sử ta có dãy a&#91;l&#93;..a&#91;i -1&#93; đã có thứ tự, ta phải xác định vị trí thích hợp của phần tử a&#91;i&#93; trong dãy a&#91;l&#93;..a&#91;i -1&#93; bằng phương pháp tìm kiếm tuần tự từ a&#91;i -1&#93; bằng phương pháp tìm kiếm tuần tự từ a&#91;i -1&#93; trở về phía a&#91;l&#93; để tìm ra vị trí thích hợp của a&#91;i&#93;. Ta chèn a&#91;i&#93; vào vị trí này và kết quả là dãy a&#91;l&#93;..a&#91;i&#93; có thứ tự. Ta áp dụng cách làm này với i = 2, 3, n.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i><u>* Ví dụ:</u></i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ta phải sắp xếp dãy số:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 2&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 3&nbsp; 39&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 4&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 6&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 5&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 7&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 8&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 98&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Thể hiện bằng Pascal:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Insertion-Sort;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x: item;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i, j: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= 2 to n do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x:= a&#91;i&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;0&#93; := x;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j := j - 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; While x. key &lt; a&#91;j&#93;. key do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;j + 1&#93; := a&#91;j&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j := i - 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;j + 1&#93;:= x;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">End;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>d) Phương pháp chọn (Selection Sort)</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">* Giải thích:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Nội dung của phương pháp này là ở bước thứ i (i = 1, 2, n-1) ta lựa chọn phần tử nhỏ nhất trong dãy a&#91;i&#93;..a&#91;n&#93; rồi đổi chỗ phần tử này với phần tử a&#91;i&#93;. Cuối cùng ta sẽ có dãy a&#91;l&#93;..a&#91;n&#93; có thứ tự.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">* Ví dụ:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ta phải sắp xếp dãy số:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 1&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 2&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 3&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 4&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 5&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 6&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">i = 7&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Thể hiện bằng PASCAL:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Selection_Sort;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i, j, k: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x: item;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; min: interger;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i := 1 to n - 1 do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; min:= a&#91;i&#93;. key;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; k := i;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For:= i;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j:= i + 1 to n do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; If a&#91;j&#93;. key &lt; min then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; min:= a&#91;j&#93;. key;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; k:= j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x:= a&#91;k&#93; ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a&#91;k&#93;:= a&#91;i&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;i&#93;:= x;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>e) Phương pháp đổi chỗ</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Có rất nhiều phương pháp sắp xếp dựa trên việc đổi chỗ giữa 2 phần tử của dãy. Sau đây chúng ta sẽ xét các phương pháp:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Bubble Sort.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Shake Sort.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Sell Sort.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Quick Sort.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>* Bubble Sort</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Giải thích:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Nội dung của phương pháp này là ta duyệt dãy a&#91;1&#93;, ..., a&#91;n&#93;. Nếu a&#91;i&#93;.Key &gt; a&#91;i + l&#93;.Key &gt; ai = 1, 2, ..., n - 1) thì ta đổi chỗ phần tử a&#91;i&#93; với phần tử a&#91;i + 1&#93;. Lập lại quá trình duyệt dãy này cho đến khi không có xảy ra việc đổi chỗ của hai phần tử.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Chú ý rằng bất kì lúc nào phần tử nhỏ nhất cũng gặp trước tiên, nó như những bọt khí nhẹ sẽ nổi lên trên khi ta đun nước. Sau đó ở thứ hai phần tử nhỏ thứ 2 sẽ được đặt vào đúng vị trí. Vì vậy sắp xếp nổi bọt thao tác như một kiểu sắp xếp chọn, mặc dù nó không làm nhiều việc hơn để đưa từng phần tử vào đúng vị trí.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Ví dụ:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ta phải sắp xếp:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Bước&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">———————————————————————</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89</b></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Thể hiện bằng PASCAL:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Bubblej_Sort;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i, j : integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x : item;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= 2 to n do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j:= n down to i do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; If a&#91;j - 1&#93;. key &gt; a&#91;j&#93;, key then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x := a&#91;j - 1&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;j - 1&#93; := a&#91;j&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;j&#93; := x;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Cải tiến:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ta nhận thấy rằng nếu ở một lần duyệt dãy nào đó mà không có xảy ra sự đổi chỗ giữa hai phần tử thì dãy đang sắp đã có thứ tự và giải thuật kết thúc.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ta có thể đặt cờ để ghi nhận điều này và co chương trình sau:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Bubble_Sort2;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Flag : Boolean;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i : integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x : item;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; flag := true;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; While flag do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; flag := false;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; for i := 1 to n - 1 do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if a&#91;i&#93;. Key &gt; a&#91;i + 1&#93;.Key then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x := a&#91;i&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;i&#93;:= a&#91;i + 1&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;i + 1&#93; := a;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; flag:= true;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>* Shake Sort</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Giải thích:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Phương pháp này là một cải tiến của phương pháp Bubble Sort theo hướng không những phần tử nhẹ nổi lên trên mà cả phần tử nặng cũng xuống dưới giống như khi ta “rung” một cái nồi và thuật toán sắp xếp phải điều khiển cả hai quá trình “nổi lên” và “chìm xuống” này một cách tự giác. Muốn vậy ta phải ghi nhớ lần đổi chỗ cuối cùng khi duyệt dãy từ dưới lên và khi duyệt dãy từ trên xuống để quyết định trong chu trình kế tiếp sẽ chỉ duyệt từ đây đến đâu.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i><u>* Ví dụ:</u></i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Sắp xếp dãy số:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">d =&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">c = &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 8 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 8 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 .&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 62 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>Thể hiện bằng PASCAL:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Shake_Sort;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i, k, d, c: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x : item ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d:= 2;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c:= n;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; k:= n;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Repeat</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= c down to d do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if a&#91;i - l&#93;.Key &gt; a&#91;i&#93;.Key then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x:= a&#91;i - 1&#93;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;i - 1&#93; := &#91;a&#93; ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;i&#93; := x ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; k := &nbsp;i;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d := k + 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= d to c do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If a&#91;i - 1&#93;. key &gt; a&#91;i&#93;.Key then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x:= a&#91;i - 1&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;i - 1&#93;:= a&#91;i&#93; ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;i&#93; := x;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; k := i;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;c := k - 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Until d &gt; c</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>* Shell Sort</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Giải thích</i></b>:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Các phương pháp sắp xếp đã trình bày ở trên nói chung đều di chuyển mỗi phần tử đi một vị trí trong mỗi bước. Phương pháp Shell Sort dựa trên ý tưởng chính là hoán vị các phần tử ở xa nhau. Để làm được việc đó ta cần phải sắp xếp lại tập tin để cho nó có tính chất là việc lấy mọi phần tử thứ h (bắt đầu từ bất cứ vị trí nào) cũng đều cho ra một tập tin đã sắp. Một tập tin như vậy được gọi là sắp theo độ dài bước h. Nói một cách khác, một tập tin được sắp theo độ dài h là tập tin được sắp độc lập với nhau, đan xen vào nhau. Bằng cách sắp xếp theo độ dài bước h ứng với vài giá trị h khá lớn, chúng ta có thể di chuyển các phần tử ở những khoảng cách xa trong mảng và vì vậy dễ dàng hơn để sắp xếp độ dài bước h cho các giá trị h nhỏ hơn. Dùng thủ tục này cho bất kì một dãy các giá trị của h tận cùng là 1 sẽ cho ra một tập tin đã sắp cho xong: Đó chính là Shell Sort.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i><u>* Ví dụ:</u></i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ta phải sắp xếp dãy:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Bước 1: 4-Sort&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Bước 2: 2-Sort&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Bước 3: 1-Sort&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>* Thể hiện bằng PASCAL:</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i><u>CHÚ Ý:</u></i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Ta dùng dãy phụ chứa độ tăng h&#91;1&#93;, ..., h&#91;t| để điều khiển quá trình sắp thứ tự với h&#91;t&#93;= 1. Việc chọn các độ tăng thích hợp sẽ làm giảm thời gian sắp thứ tự.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Đặt hl = h&#91;l&#93; ta phải khai báo lại dãy a như sau:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">a: array &#91;h1..n&#93; of item;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">các phần tử a&#91;i&#93; (i &lt;= 0) là các lính canh. Sau đây ta chọn: h&#91;1&#93; = 9, h&#91;2&#93; = 5, h&#91;3&#93; = 3, h&#91;4&#93; = 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Shell_Sort;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Const</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; t = 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i, j, k, s: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x: item;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; m: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; h: array&#91;l..t&#93; of integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; h&#91;1&#93; := 9;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; h&#91;2&#93; := 5;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; h&#91;3&#93; := 3;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; h&#91;4&#93; := 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For m := 1 to t do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; k := h&#91;m|;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; s := -k;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= k + 1 to n do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x:= a&#91;i&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j := i - k;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; If s = 0 then s := -k;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x := s + 1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;s&#93; := x;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; while x.key &lt; a&#91;j&#93;.key do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;j + k&#93;:= a&#91;j&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;j := j - k;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;j + k&#93; := x</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>• Quick Sort</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Giải thích:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Nội dung của phương pháp này là chọn phần tử x ở giữa của dãy làm chuẩn để so sánh. Ta phân hoạch dãy này thành 3 dãy con liên tiếp nhau:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Dãy con thứ nhất gồm các phần tử có khóa nhỏ hơn x.key.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Dãy con thứ hai gồm các phần tử có khóa bằng x.key.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Dãy con thứ ba gồm các phần tử có khóa lớn hơn x.key.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Sau đó áp dụng giải thuật phân hoạch này cho dãy con thứ nhất và dãy con thứ ba, nếu các dãy con này có nhiều hơn một phần tử (đệ qui).</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Cụ thể là xét một đoạn của dãy từ thành phần thứ L đến thành phần thứ R.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Lấy giá trị của thành phần thứ (L+R) dir 2 gán vào biến X.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Cho i ban đầu là L.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Cho J ban đầu là R.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Lặp lại.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• Chừng nào còn A&#91;i&#93; &lt; X thì tăng i</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• Chừng nào còn A&#91;j&#93; &gt; X thì giảm j</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">• Nếu i &lt;= j thì</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">+ Hoán vị A&#91;i&#93; và A&#91;j&#93;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">+ Tăng i</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">+ Giảm j </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Cho đến khi i &gt; j</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">+ Sắp xếp đoạn từ A&#91;L&#93; đến A&#91;j&#93;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">+ Sắp xếp đoạn từ A&#91;i&#93; đến A&#91;R&#93;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i><u>* Ví dụ:</u></i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Sắp xếp dãy số:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">39 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">X = 37</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Sau 2 lần đổi chỗ ta được dãy:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Xử lí dãy con&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ta được:&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Xử lí dãy con</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ta được</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Vậy dãy đã sắp xếp là:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 37&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 39&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 50&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 62&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 89</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ta nhận thấy ý tưởng chính ở đây là “chia để trị”.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Thể hiện hằng PASCAL:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Để đơn giản ta viết thủ tục sắp một mảng số nguyên được truyền bằng tham biến.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Quick_Sort (Var A: Array&#91;1..n&#93; of integer);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Sort (L, R: integer);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Var i, j, TG, X: integer</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; X:= A&#91;(L + R div 2&#93;; i := L; j := R;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Repeat</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; while (A&#91;i&#93; &lt; X) do inc (i);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; while (A&#91;j&#93; &gt; X) do dec(j);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if i &lt;= j then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TG:= A&#91;i&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A&#91;i&#93;:= A&#91;j&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A&#91;j&#93;:= TG;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Inc(i);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dec(j);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Until i &gt; j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if L &lt; j then sort (L, J);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if i &lt; R then sort &#91;I, R&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; sort (1, n);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">End.<br />
....<br />
<em>(Còn nữa)</em></span></span></span></div>
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