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			Trong khi lập trình ta thường xuyên phải làm các thao tác sắp xếp, phân hoạch, lập tập con, hợp thành tập hợp lớn hơn...
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			<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>1. KHÁI NIỆM</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">a) Trong khi lập trình ta thường xuyên phải làm các thao tác sắp xếp, phân hoạch, lập tập con, hợp thành tập hợp lớn hơn... trên một tập hợp các phần tử hữu hạn và rời rạc nghĩa là thường xuyên đụng chạm đến các khái niệm của giải tích tổ hợp, đó là:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">+ Hoán vị</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">+ Chỉnh hợp</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">+ Tổ hợp</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>b) Hoán vị</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Một hoán vị của n phần tử là một bộ phận gồm n phần tử để được sắp xếp theo một trật tự nhất định, mỗi phần tử có mặt đúng một lần.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Số các hoán vị khác nhau của n phần tử là:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">P<sub>n</sub> = n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x ... x n</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>c) Chỉnh hợp</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Một chỉnh hợp n chập r của n phần tử là một bộ sắp thứ tự gồm r phần tử lấy ra từ n phần tử đã cho.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Số chỉnh hợp n chập r là:</span></span></span><br />
<img alt="" height="24" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_08/image-20200808203103-1.png" width="21" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:4.5pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;= n(n - l)...(n - r + 1)</span></span></span><br />
<img alt="" height="24" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_08/image-20200808203103-2.png" width="21" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:4.5pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;= </span></span></span><img alt="" height="36" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_08/image-20200808203103-3.png" width="41" /><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>d) Tổ hợp</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Cho một tập x có n phần tử. Một tổ hợp n chập r của n phần tử đó là một tập con của X gồm có r phần tử. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Số tổ hợp n chập r là:</span></span></span><br />
<img alt="" height="24" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_08/image-20200808203103-4.png" width="20" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:4.5pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;= </span></span></span><img alt="" height="36" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_08/image-20200808203103-5.png" width="52" /><br />
<img alt="" height="24" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_08/image-20200808203103-6.png" width="20" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:4.5pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;= </span></span></span><img alt="" height="35" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_08/image-20200808203103-7.png" width="17" /><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>2. CÁC THUẬT TOÁN</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>a) Hoán vị</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i>* Bài toán:</i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Viết chương trình in ra tất cả các hoán vị của N số tự nhiên đầu tiên.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i>* Thuật toán:</i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Ta đặt mảng A&#91;1..N&#93; để chứa hoán vị tìm được.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Mảng B&#91;1..N&#93; of Bollean để làm cờ với B&#91;I&#93; cho biết số i đã được chọn vào hoán vị hay chưa.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Thuật toán được lập theo kiểu đệ qui với hai thủ tục là: PRINT và FIND (i: Byte).</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Thủ tục PRINT sẽ in ra hoán vị vừa tìm được.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Thủ tục FIND (i: Byte) giúp tìm phần tử thứ i trong hoán vị và được gọi một cách đệ qui. Cơ chế hoạt động của nó như sau:</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">procedure FIND (i: Byte);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var j: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;if i &gt; N then Xuat</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j := 1 to N do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if b&#91;j&#93; then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;i&#93; := j</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b&#91;j&#93; := 0</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find (i + 1)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;b&#91;j&#93; := 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>* Ví dụ: N = 3</b></span></span></span><br />
<img alt="" height="204" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_08/pascal-1.jpg" width="500" /><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Thể hiện bằng PASCAL:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">PROGRAM HOANVI;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Const N = 3;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A: Array &#91;1..N&#93; of byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B: Array &#91;1..N&#93; of 0..1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i, dem: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure xuat;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; var i: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dem := dem + 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; write (’Hoan vi thu&#039;, dem, ’ &#039;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= 1 to N do write (A&#91;i&#93;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Writein ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; readln ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Find (i: byte);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;var j: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if i &gt; N then Xuat</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j := 1 to N do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if (B&#91;j&#93; = 1) then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;i&#93; := j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b&#91;j&#93; := 0;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; find (i + 1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b&#91;j&#93; := 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">BEGIN</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dem := 0;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i: 1 to N do B&#91;i&#93;:= 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find(l);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">END.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>b) Chỉnh hợp</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>* Bài toán:</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Viết chương trình in ra tất cả các chỉnh hợp n chập r của số tự nhiên đầu tiên (r ≤ n).</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">* Thuật toán:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Tương tự như phần hoán vị.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Chỉ cần sửa thủ tục Find(i) lại như sau:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Find (i: byte);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; var j: byte</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if i &gt; r then xuat</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; else...</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Ví dụ:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>N = 3, r = 2</b></span></span></span><br />
<img alt="" height="164" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_08/pascal-2.jpg" width="500" /><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Thể hiện bằng PASCAL: </i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">PROGRAM CHINHHOP;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A: Array &#91;1..N&#93; of byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B: Array &#91;1..N&#93; of 0..1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i, j, dem: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Xuat;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dem := dem + 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; write (’Hoan vi thu dem, &#039;:;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i: = 1 to r do write (A&#91;i&#93;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; writein;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Readln;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; Procedure Find (i: byte);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; Var j: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if i &gt; r -then Xuat</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j:= 1 to n do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if (B&#91;j&#93; = 1) then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A&#91;i&#93; := j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B&#91;j&#93; := 0;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find (i + 1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B&#91;j&#93; := 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">BEGIN</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; writeiln (‘Nhập r&#039;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Readln(r);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dem:= 0;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i : 1 to b do B&#91;i&#93; := 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find(l);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">END.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>c) Tổ hợp</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i>* Bài toán:</i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Viết chương trình in ra màn hình tất cả các tổ hợp n chập r của các số nguyên từ 1 đến n.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i>* Thuật toán:</i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><i>• THUẬT TOÁN 1:</i></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Tương tự như thuật toán tìm các chỉnh hợp n chập r nhưng ở đây ta chỉ cần chọn 1 chỉnh hợp có thứ tự tăng.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Thủ tục Find được cải tiến như sau:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Find (k: byte);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if k &gt; r then xuat</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j := 1 to n do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if b&#91;j&#93; and (j &gt; a&#91;k – 1&#93;) then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a&#91;k&#93; := j; .</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b&#91;j&#93;:= False;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find &#91;k + 1&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b&#91;i&#93; := True;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;End;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>• THUẬT TOÁN 2.</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Do trong tổ hợp ta chỉ cần tìm từ nhỏ đến lớn và không cần quay lại nên ta có thể không cần tìm i đặt cờ B&#91;1..N&#93; of Boolean.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Thủ tục Find (i: byte) có thể viết như sau:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Find (i: byte)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; i: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; If k &gt; r then xuat</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= (A&#91;k - 1&#93; + 1) to n do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B&#91;K&#93; := i</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find (k + 1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>• THUẬT TOÁN:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Chỉ cần đặt các cờ A&#91;1..N&#93; of 0..1</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">- Lần lượt cho các A&#91;i&#93; bằng 1 hoặc 0</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A&#91;i&#93;:= 1: số i được chọn vào tổ hợp.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A&#91;i&#93;:= 0: số i không được chọn vào tổ hợp.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">■ Ví dụ: N = 3, r = 2</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Giải thuật của ta chạy hết cây chọn lựa sau đây để tìm ra tất cả các tổ hợp 3 chập 2 của tập X = (1, 2, 3);</span></span></span><br />
<img alt="" height="236" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2020_08/pascal-3.jpg" width="495" /><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Thủ tục Find được viết lại như sau:</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">procedure Find (i: byte);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var j: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if d &gt; r then print</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if ((n + 1 - i) &gt; (r - d)) then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j := 1 down to 0 do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A&#91;i&#93; := j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d := d + j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find (i + 1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d :=d - j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A&#91;i&#93; := A&#91;i&#93; - j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i>* Thể hiện bằng PASCAL:</i></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">PROGRAM TOHOP1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Const n = 10</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var A: array &#91;0..N&#93; of byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B: array &#91;1..N&#93; of Boolean;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; r, dem, t: integer;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">procedure print;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">var i: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dem:= dem + 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Write (&#039;to hop thu&#039;, dem, &#039;la :&#039;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i := 1 to r do write (a&#91;i&#93;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; writeln;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; readln;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">{……………………………….}</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Find (k: byte);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var j: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if k &gt; r then print</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j:= 1 to n do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if b&#91;j&#93; and (j &gt; a&#91;k - 1&#93;) then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;k&#93; := j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b&#91;j&#93; := False.;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find &#91;k + 1&#93;;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b&#91;j&#93; := True;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">BEGIN</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; write (&#039;Cho biet so phan tu:’);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Readin (r);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dem := 0;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For t: = 1 to n do b&#91;t&#93;:= true</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;0&#93; := 0;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find(l);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">END.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">{………………………….}</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">PROGRAM TOHOP2;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">const N = 10;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var A: array &#91;0..N&#93; of byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dem, r: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; {……………………..}</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">procedure print;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Var i: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dem := dem + 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i: = 1 to r do write (A&#91;i&#93;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Writein;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Readin;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">{………………………….}</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Find (j = byte);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Var i: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if j &gt; r then print</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i:= A&#91;j - 1&#93; to n do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B&#91;j&#93; := i ;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Find(j + 1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; End;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">BEGIN</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dem := 0;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a&#91;0&#93; := 0;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Readln(r);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find(1);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">END.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">{………………………….}</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">PROGRAM TOHOP3;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var A: array &#91;0..n&#93; of 0..1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; r, d : byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">procedure Print;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var i: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d := d + 1;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; write (&#039;To hop thu&#039;, d, &#039;{&#039;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For i := 1 to n do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if A&#91;i&#93; := 1 then write (i);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Write(‘{&#039;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Writeln;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Readln;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">{………………………….}</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Procedure Find (i = byte);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Var j: byte;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if d &gt; r then print</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Else</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; if (n + 1 - i) &gt; (r - d) then</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For j := down to 0 do</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Begin</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A&#91;i&#93; := j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d := d + j</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find(i + 1)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d := d - j;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; end;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">End;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">BEGIN</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; d := 0;</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; writeln (&#039;Nhap r&#039;);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Readln(r);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fill char (A, size of (A); 0);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Find(l);</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">END.</span></span></span></div>
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