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		<h1>Học tốt Vật lí 12, bài 37&#x3A; Phóng xạ</h1>
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			Hệ thống kiến thức lí thuyết cơ bản cần nhớ, hướng dẫn trả lời câu hỏi sách giáo khoa và giải bài tập Vật lí 12, bài 37: Phóng xạ
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			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>A. Kiến thức cơ bản</b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>1. Hiện tượng phóng xạ:</b> là quá trình phân hủy tự phát của một hạt nhân không bền vững (tự nhiên hay nhân tạo). Quá trình phân hủy này kèm theo sự tạo ra các hạt và có thể kèm theo sự phát ra các bức xạ điện từ. Hạt nhân tự phân hủy gọi là hạt nhân mẹ, hạt nhân được tạo thành sau phân hủy gọi là hạt nhân con.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>2. Các dạng tia phóng xạ</b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Phóng xạ α: Tia α là dòng các hạt nhân </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-1.png" width="8" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">He (</span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-2.png" width="9" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">X&nbsp; →&nbsp;</span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-3.png" width="26" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Y + </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-4.png" width="8" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">He)</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Phóng xạ β<sup>-</sup>: Tia β<sup>-</sup> là dòng các electron </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-5.png" width="17" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:8.5pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>e(</span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-6.png" width="9" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">X&nbsp; →&nbsp;</span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-7.png" width="26" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Y + </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-8.png" width="17" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:8.5pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>e)</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Phóng xạ β<sup>+</sup>: Tia β<sup>+</sup> là dòng các poziton </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-9.png" width="8" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">e &nbsp;(</span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-10.png" width="9" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">X&nbsp; → &nbsp;</span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-11.png" width="26" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Y + </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-12.png" width="8" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">e)</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Phóng xạ γ: Tia γ là sóng điện từ.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>3. Định luật phóng xạ</b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Số hạt nhân phóng xạ giảm theo quy luật hàm số mũ N = N<sub>0</sub>e<sup>-</sup><sup>γt</sup></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">4. Chu kì bán rã T: là thời gian qua đó số lượng các hạt nhân còn lại là 50%.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">T = </span></span></span><img alt="" height="35" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-13.png" width="21" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:10.0pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>= </span></span></span><img alt="" height="35" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-14.png" width="33" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:10.0pt"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">λ: Hằng số phóng xạ (s<sup>-1</sup>)</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>5. Độ phóng xạ</b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Độ phóng xạ tại thời điểm t được đo bằng tích của hằng số phóng xạ λ và số lượng hạt nhân phóng xạ ở thời điểm đó.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">H = λN</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Đơn vị của H là Becơren (Bq) và Curi (Ci)</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">1Bq = 1 phân rã/s</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">1Ci = 3,7.10<sup>10</sup>Bq</span></span></span><br  />
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<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>B. TRẢ LỜI CÂU HỎI C1 SGK VẬT LÝ 12 BÀI 37</b></span></span></span><br  />
<strong><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">C1. Chứng mình rằng, sau thời gian t = xT thì số hạt nhân phóng xạ còn lại là:</span></span></span></strong><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">N = </span></span></span><img alt="" height="35" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-15.png" width="16" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:10.0pt"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br  />
<u><em><strong><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Giải:</span></span></span></strong></em></u><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Ta có λ= </span></span></span><img alt="" height="35" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-16.png" width="21" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:10.0pt"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">-λt = - </span></span></span><img alt="" height="35" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-17.png" width="9" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:10.0pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>ln2 T</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">-λt ln e = - </span></span></span><img alt="" height="35" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-18.png" width="9" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:10.0pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>ln2 T</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">ln e<sup>-</sup><sup>γt</sup> =ln</span></span></span><img alt="" height="34" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-19.png" width="31" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:5.5pt"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">e<sup>-</sup><sup>γt</sup> = </span></span></span><img alt="" height="34" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-20.png" width="31" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:5.5pt"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">N = N<sub>0</sub>e<sup>-</sup><sup>γt</sup> = N<sub>0</sub></span></span></span><img alt="" height="34" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-21.png" width="31" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:5.5pt"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Sau thời gian t = xT, số hạt nhân phóng xạ còn lại là</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">N = = N<sub>0</sub></span></span></span><img alt="" height="34" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-22.png" width="38" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:5.5pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>=N<sub>0</sub></span></span></span><img alt="" height="25" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-23.png" width="31" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">= </span></span></span><img alt="" height="35" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-24.png" width="16" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:10.0pt"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br  />
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<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>C. TRẢ LỜI CÂU HỎI VÀ BÀI TẬP SGK VẬT LÝ 12 BÀI 37 TRANG 194</b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>1. Một hạt nhân </b></span></span></span><img alt="" height="31" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-25.png" width="9" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>X phóng xạ </b><b>α, </b><b>β<sup>-</sup>, </b><b>β<sup>+</sup>, </b><b>γ, hãy hoàn chính bảng sau:</b></span></span></span>
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			<td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Phóng xạ</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; width: 191.4pt; border-left: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="255"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Z</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; width: 191.45pt; border-left: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="255"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>A</b></span></span></span></td>
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			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Thay đổi</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Không đổi</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Thay đổi</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Không đổi</b></span></span></span></td>
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		<tr>
			<td style="border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; width: 95.7pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">α</span></span></span><br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">β<sup>-</sup></span></span></span><br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">β<sup>+</sup></span></span></span><br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">γ</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; width:95.7pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="128">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; width:95.7pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="128">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; width:95.7pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="128">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; width:95.75pt; border-top:none; border-left:none; border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="128">&nbsp;</td>
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<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i><u>Giải:</u></i></b></span></span></span>

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			<td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Phóng xạ</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; width: 191.4pt; border-left: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="255"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Z</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; width: 191.45pt; border-left: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="255"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>A</b></span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Thay đổi</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Không đổi</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Thay đổi</b></span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>Không đổi</b></span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-image: initial; width: 95.7pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">α</span></span></span><br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">β<sup>-</sup></span></span></span><br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">β<sup>+</sup></span></span></span><br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">γ</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Giảm 2</span></span></span><br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Tăng 1</span></span></span><br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Giảm 1</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Không đổi</span></span></span><br  />
			<br  />
			<br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">x</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Giảm 4</span></span></span></td>
			<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; width: 95.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="128"><br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">x</span></span></span><br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">x</span></span></span><br  />
			<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">x</span></span></span></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<br  />
<strong><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">2. Hãy chọn câu đúng.</span></span></span></strong><br  />
<em><strong><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Quá trình phóng xạ hạt nhân:</span></span></span></strong></em><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">A. Thu năng lượng</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">B. Tỏa năng lượng.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">C. Không thu, không tỏa năng lượng.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">D. Có trường hợp thu, có trường hợp tỏa năng lượng.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i><u>Giải:</u></i></b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Chọn đáp án B. Quá trình phóng xạ hạt nhân tỏa năng lượng.</span></span></span><br  />
<br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>3. Trong số các tia: </b><b>α, </b><b>β<sup>-</sup>, </b><b>β<sup>+</sup>, </b><b>γ, tia nào đâm xuyên mạnh nhất? Tia nào đâm xuyên yếu nhất?</b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i><u>Giải:</u></i></b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Khả năng đâm xuyên tia γ là mạnh nhất vì bước sóng ngắn nhất, năng lượng lớn nhất.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Khả năng đâm xuyên tia α là yếu nhất vì bước dài nhất, năng lượng nhỏ nhất.</span></span></span><br  />
<br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>4. Quá trình phóng xạ nào không có sự thay đổi cấu tạo hạt nhân?</b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">A Phóng xạ α.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">B. Phóng xạ β<sup>-</sup></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">C. Phóng xạ β<sup>+</sup>.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">D. Phóng xạ γ.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i><u>Giải:</u></i></b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Chọn đáp án D.</span></span></span><br  />
<em><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">a. Phóng xạ α:</span></span></span></em><br  />
<img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-26.png" width="9" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">X → </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-27.png" width="8" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">He + </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-28.png" width="26" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Y</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Hạt nhân con ở vị trí lùi hai ô so với hạt nhân mẹ.</span></span></span><br  />
<em><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">b. Phóng xạ β<sup>-</sup>:</span></span></span></em><br  />
<img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-29.png" width="9" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">X → </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-30.png" width="17" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">e + </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-31.png" width="26" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Y</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Hạt nhân con ở vị trí tiến một ô so với hạt nhân mẹ</span></span></span><br  />
<em><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">c. Phóng xạ β<sup>+</sup>:</span></span></span></em><br  />
<img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-32.png" width="9" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">X → </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-33.png" width="8" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">e + </span></span></span><img alt="" height="30" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-34.png" width="26" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Y</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Hạt nhân con ở vị trí lùi một ô so với hạt nhân mẹ</span></span></span><br  />
<em><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">d. Phóng xạ γ</span></span></span></em><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Tia γ có bản chất là sóng điện từ nên không có sự biến đổi hạt nhân.</span></span></span><br  />
<br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b>5. Hãy chọn câu đúng.</b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Trong quá trình phóng xạ, số lượng hạt nhân phân hủy giảm đi với thời gian t theo quy luật.</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">A. -αt + β (α, β &gt; 0)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">B. </span></span></span><img alt="" height="35" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-35.png" width="8" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:10.0pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">C. </span></span></span><img alt="" height="36" src="https://sachgiai.com/uploads/news/2019_08/image-20190817234438-36.png" width="15" /><span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,&#039;serif&#039;"><span style="position:relative"><span style="top:10.5pt"> </span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">D. e<sup>-</sup><sup>λt</sup></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif"><b><i><u>Giải:</u></i></b></span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">Chọn đáp án D. Số lượng hạt nhân giảm theo hàm mũ:</span></span></span><br  />
<span style="font-size:14pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:&#039;Times New Roman&#039;,serif">N = N<sub>0</sub>e<sup>-</sup><sup>λt</sup></span></span></span><br  />
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